The guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos (son-of-sevenless) is a complex multidomain protein that activates the small GTPase Ras (H-Ras, K-Ras, N-Ras, but not functionally distinct R-Ras) in response to receptor tyrosine kinase stimulation. Nucleotide exchange activity of Sos is stimulated by allosteric Ras binding. By another (separable) guanine exchange factor domain domain Sos modulates activity of Rac/Rho GTPases. Sos thus integrates signals that affect both gene expression and cytoskeletal reorganization; the Sos-mediated Ras-activation and Rac activation differ in composition and stability of the formed complex.